Force:-   A push or a pull on an object is called force.

SI unit of Force –      Newton (N)

C.G.S. unit of force – Dyne

1Newtom =10⁵Dyne

Direction of the force: - The direction of the push or the pull on an object is called direction of the force.

• At least two objects need to interact for force to come into play. Mutual interaction between two objects results in a force between the two objects.
• When two forces are applied on an object in the same direction, there is an add-on effect of both forces.
• When two forces are applied in opposite directions, the difference between two forces gives the value of the net force.     

• Force is expressed in terms of its magnitude and the direction in which it is working. Any change in direction or magnitude of the force, there is a change in effect   of the force.
• Generally, more than one force is acting on an object at any given time.
• Quantities that have both magnitude and direction, are called vectors. Quantities that have only magnitude and no direction, are called scalars.

Effect of Force

  On State of Motion:- A force can change the state of motion. Both rest and motion. 

On an object at rest:- A force can move an object at rest.

Ex:- If a force is applied on a book the book can move in the direction of force.

On a moving object:- A force can have following effects on a moving object.

• When the applied force is in the same direction as direction of motion, there is an increase in the speed of object.
• When the applied force is in opposite direction of motion, there is a decrease in the speed of object. The object may also come to rest when the applied force is in opposite direction to the direction of motion.
• When the applied force is at some acute or obtuse angle to the direction of motion, there is a change in the direction of motion.

On Shape:- Force can change the shape of an object.

• When force is applied on a ball of dough, there is a change in the shape of dough.
• A potter changes a lump of clay into pots by applying force.
• When air is filled in a balloon; the shape of the balloon changes because of the applied force.

Force can change the shape of an object

Figure 5 Force can change the shape of an object

Types of Force:

There are two main types of forces contact force and non-contact force.

Contact forces	Non-contact forces
These kinds of forces are applied only when two or more objects come in contact with each other.	These kinds of forces are applied when the objects do not come in contact with each other and yet are exerting a force upon each other.
Ex: Muscular Force, Frictional Force	Ex: Magnetic Force, Gravitational Force, Electrostatic Force

1. Contact Force:- A force that is exerted only when two or more objects come in contact is called contact force. Following are the contact forces:

(a)Muscular Force:- The force that is exerted by the muscles of our body or living organism is called muscular force.

    OR   The force that comes into play because of the action of muscles is called muscular force.

                     EX-   A bullock, horse, camel is able to pull a cart because of muscular force.

* Human beings use muscular force in order to walk. 

* The expansion and contraction of lungs is because of muscular force.

* Movement of food along the food pipe

*  Animals can also exit muscular forces; that's why they can move from one place to another

Figure 6 Muscular Force applied in Tug-of-War

Figure 7 Muscular Force applied by Animals

(b) Friction:- When one surface is moving over another surface, a force comes into play and opposes their relative motion.                                                                                              This force is called friction or force of friction.

Ex:- A ball rolling along the ground stops after sometime due to friction.

        Stop pedalling a bicycle,it gradually slows down and finally come to stop.

• Friction always opposes motion because it acts in opposite direction to motion.
• Force of friction arises due to contact between two surfaces. If there is no contact between two surfaces there would be no friction.

2. Non-contact Force: -    A force that one object exerts on another when they are not in contact is called non-contact force.                                                                       (a) Magnetic Force:-       The force applied by a magnet is called magnetic force.                                                                                                                                                Or          The force applied by a magnet on a piece of iron or on an another magnet is called magnetic force.                    

• A magnet can exert its force on an object even from a distance.This force may be attractive or repulsive depending on the nature of poles. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract. 

          

(b) Electrostatic Force: - The force which applied by a charged body on another charged or non-charged body are called electrostatic force.

• When you brush a comb in your hairs and then bring the comb near small bits of paper, the comb attracts the bits of paper. This happens because of electrostatic force.
•  The electrostatic force between two charges may be attractive or repulsive. Like charge repel, unlike charge attract.

          

     (c) Gravitational Force: -   The force by which all objects attract each other is called gravitational force.

Or, The attractive force between two objects that have mass is called gravitational force/force of gravity/gravity.

 

• It is an attractive force that is applied by the earth on all the objects.

• It is also called the force of gravity or gravity that acts upon all the objects that are present on or near the Earth's surface.

• Gravity is a property exhibited by every object present in the universe and not only the earth. Hence, all the planets, the moons and even the sun have a gravitational force of their own.

• Every object in the universe exerts a force on another object.
• The various celestial bodies keep their position in the space due to gravitational force.
• The force of gravity on an object is called weight.
• At Earth’s surface, gravity exerts a force of 9.8N on every kilogram of mass.
•  W= mass × 9.8

     

QUE:  Are weight and mass the same thing?

Ans:-       Weight and mass are not the same. Mass is the amount of matter contained in an object, usually measured in kilograms. Weight is a force that depends on mass                       and gravity, usually measured in newton (N).

Pressure:-   The force acting on a unit area of an object is called pressure.

                 Pressure = force/area

• This means that pressure is directly proportional to the applied force but inversely proportional to the area on which it is acting.

      

Following examples are related to pressure:

• A needle has a pointed end that has a very small surface area. Hence when a large force is exerted upon the needle with a hammer the pressure on the needle increases and it easily moves inside the wall. 

• Shoulder bags always have broad straps rather than thin straps in order to minimize the pressure that would be exerted on the shoulders of the career due to the gravitational force acting upon the bag.

• Tools that are used for cutting and piercing always have sharp edges because as a person would apply a force on the tool, its sharp edges would exert more pressure due to less surface area and the object wood cut down easily.

• The two tyres of a tractor are wider because it minimizes the pressure exerted by the tractor on the ground. As a result, it becomes easier to move the tractor on a muddy field.

• Camel can walk easily over the sand because it has wide feet which allow them to walk on sand easily. Human beings, on the other hand, cannot as walk easily on sand as their feet have less surface area and therefore our feet sink in the sand.

• Eskimos wear ski-like footwear. Wider area of the footwear reduces pressure and thus prevents the Eskimo’s feet from sinking in ice.

Unit of Pressure:-

• The S.I unit of pressure is Pascal(Pa) which is Newton per sq. Metre (N/m² ).
• The CGS(centimetre-gram-second) unit of pressure is dyne per sq. Centimetre (dyn/cm² ).

Q 1.A force of 20 N acts over a surface having an area of 4 m² .What is the pressure on this surface.

Sol:- Given, force = 20 N  ; Area = 4 m²  ;  pressure = ?

            We know that pressure = force/area = 20/4 = 5 N/m²

Q 2. A pressure of 50 N/m²acts on the area of 5 m² .Calculate the total force acting on the given area.

Sol:- Given,  pressure =50 N/m²  ; area = 5 m²  ;  force = ?

We know that pressure = force/area   or Force = pressure × area = 50 × 5 = 250 N

Q 3. A force of 800 N exerts a pressure of 40 N/m² . What area is it acting on?

Sol:- Given,  pressure = 40 N/m² ; Force = 40 N/m²  ; area = ?

            We know that pressure = force/area  or   area = force/pressure    = 800/40  = 20 m²

Q 4. A person weight 600 N. He is wearing shoes with a total area of 0.02m² . What pressure do they exert on the floor?

Sol:- Given,  force = 600 N ;   area = 0.02m² ; pressure = ?

We know that pressure = force/area = 600/0.02  = 30000 N/m²

Pressure Exerted by Liquids and Gases

• Liquids and gases are fluids, Which are materials that can flow and have no definite shape.
• Fluids pressure (force) measured in pascal and in mm of Hg.

Liquids and gases exert pressure as follows:

• Pressure on the bottom of container depends on the height of column of gas or liquid. Due to this, divers have to withstand a large pressure at the bottom of the sea.
• A fluid exerts pressure on walls of the container. Containers for gases and liquids are usually cylindrical ion shape to equally distribute the pressure on all portions of the wall.
• A fluid exerts equal pressure at same depth.

Atmosphere:-The layer of air around us is called atmosphere.

Atmospheric Pressure:-The pressure exerted by atmospheric air is called atmospheric pressure.

      * The weight of air in a column of height of atmosphere and area 10 x 10 cm is 1000 kg. This is roughly same as the area of our head.                                                                   That is you have 1000 kg of air on your head.

Note :-Manometer is used to measure pressure. A barometer is used to measure the atmospheric pressure.